Atkinson-Shiffrin three stage processing model
encoding/getting information into memory
role of attention/selective attention determines what one pays attention to
levels of processing
enriching encoding
distinguish between automatic and effortful processing
importance of rehearsal
repetition/memory processing
spacing effect
serial position effect
what is the importance of meaning, imagery, and organization in encoding process?
semantic encoding
acoustic encoding
visual encoding
mnemonic devises
chunking
storage/maintaining information in memory
sensory memory
Describe the limited nature of sensory memory
inconic memory/sensory memory of visual stimuli
echoic memory/sensory memory of auditory
short term memory
limited seven plus/minus two items
20-30 seconds/miller
long term memory
Describe the capacity and during of long-term memory. What are the biological changes that may underlie memory formation and storage?
permanent
unlimited capacity
long term potentiation (LTP)/focus on synapses, long term circuits, and neurotransmitter substances that affect memory
types of memories/long term
procedural
semantic
episodic
are short term memory and long term memory really separate?
retrieval
using cues to aid retrieval
describe importance of retrieval cues and the impact of environmental contexts and internal emotional states on memory
priming/identifying one of the strands of association of memories
state-dependent memory/recall memories best in the same emotional or physiological state as information was learned
mood congruent/often retrieve memories consistent with type of mood when experienced
context of event
compare/contrast recall, recognition, and relearning measures of memory
recall/essay or fill in the blank testing
recognition/multiple choice
relearning/amount of time saved when relearning previous learned information
forgetting
how quickly one forgets/ebbinghaus curve of forgetting
measurement/forgetting
why one forgets
capacity to forget is beneficial and role of encoding failure and storage decay in the process of forgetting
failure to encode information for entry into memory system
decay/gradual fading of physical memory trace
repressed memory controversy
physiology of memory/search of memory trace
biochemistry of memory
neural circuitry of memory
anatomy of memory
are there multiple memory systems
implicit (retention without conscious recollection) and explicit memory (retention of facts and experiences that one can conscious know), including the brain structures associated with each
declarative versus procedural memory
semantic versus episodic memory
prospective versus retrospective memory
retrieval failure and the effects of interference and motivated forgetting on retrieval
proactive interference
retroactive interference
repression
memory construction
evidence for constructive nature of memory and impact of imagination and leading questions to eyewitness recall
misinformation effect
what are the difficulties in discerning true memories from false ones and the reliability of children’s eyewitness recall?
controversy over reports of repressed and recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse